*   Scale formation on heat transfer surfaces creates an "insulated barrier". Just 1/16'' scale built-up increases the cost of operation up to 10%.  

*  In all cases corrosion not only deteriorates metallic surfaces, but also corrosion by-products may further foul and plug systems' pipes.

*  Biological fouling is the result of excessive growth of different forms of microlife, namely, algae, fungi and bacteria that substantially diminishes heat transfer.